א פ ר י ון ע ש ה ל ו THE PALANQUIN. Appiryon Asa Lo. AUTHORED BY Ḥakham Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron ( , Troki) Translated by Esther Mangoubi

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1 THE PALANQUIN א פ ר י ון ע ש ה ל ו Appiryon Asa Lo AUTHORED BY Ḥakham Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron ( , Troki) Translated by Esther Mangoubi VOCALIZED AND ANNOTATED BY Gabriel Wasserman Daly City, California

2 ISBN: The Karaite Jews of America 2017 Published by The Karaite Press, Daly City, California All rights reserved. The Karaite Jews of America asserts no copyright over the Hebrew text, its vocalization, and emendations to it. Cover Art: Shimra Starr Design & Layout: Raphaël Freeman, Renana Typesetting

3 Contents Introductory Notes from The Karaite Press Preface to 1956 Israeli Edition Appiryon Asa Lo 3 Table of Contents of the Short Work 7 Author s note 13 Foreword 17 Chapter 1: Regarding the Foundations upon which the House of Israel Stands 31 Chapter 2: Regarding the Commandment of Circumcision 37 Chapter 3: Regarding the Sabbath 43 Chapter 4: Regarding the Sanctification of the Month 49 Chapter 5: Regarding the Festival of Unleavened Bread (Ḥag Ha-maẓẓoth) 57 Chapter 6: Regarding the Counting of Fifty Days from the Day following the Sabbath that Falls in the Seven Days of Unleavened Bread 63 Chapter 7: Regarding the Festival of Shavu oth 71 Chapter 8: Regarding the Fasts 75 Chapter 9: Regarding Yom Teru a 79 Chapter 10: Regarding the Matter and Practice of Yom Kippur, and the Ceremony During It 83 Chapter 11: Regarding the Festival of Sukkoth, which is on the Fifteenth Day of the Seventh Month 85 Chapter 12: Regarding the Custom to Begin the Torah on the First Sabbath after the Holiday of Shemini Aẓereth 89 Chapter 13: Regarding the Customs of the Month of Ṭeveth 93 Chapter 14: Regarding the Customs for the Month of Adar 95 Chapter 15: Regarding the Customs of Divine Service 99 Chapter 16: Regarding the Principles of Faith according to the Opinion of the Karaite Sages 103 v xi

4 Chapter 17: Regarding the Commandment of Ẓiẓith (Fringes) and the Conditions of Dressing 115 Chapter 18: Regarding Matters of Impurity and Purity 121 Chapter 19: Regarding Sheḥiṭa (Kosher Slaughter) 131 Chapter 20: Regarding Food, Drink and the Ways of Conduct regarding Them 141 Chapter 21: Regarding Conjugal Union, and Taking a Wife 147 Chapter 22: Regarding Forbidden Sexual Relationships ( Arayoth) 155 Chapter 23: Regarding Inheritance and Its Distribution 163 Chapter 24: Regarding Mourning and the Laws of Burying the Dead 169 Appendix 173 iv

5 Introductory Notes from The Karaite Press About the Translator: Esther Mangoubi has been an instructor teaching German and at times French at several Boston area universities. Most of her previous translation projects involved translating works from English into French or German. She has also translated various letters of Solomon Schechter. About the Vocalizer and Annotator: Dr. Gabriel Wasserman (PhD Yeshiva University, 2016) is a scholar of Jewish texts, with a specialty in piyyuṭim, Hebrew liturgical poetry. Wasserman previously served as the translator and annotator of Royal Attire: On Karaite and Rabbanite Beliefs (Daly City: The Karaite Press, 2016). In addition to his work with The Karaite Press, Wasserman has translated both Hebrew academic prose and primary sources, as can be seen, for example, in his English translation of the editors introduction published in Joseph Yahalom and Naoya Katsumata, eds., Tahkemoni, or The Tales of Heman the Ezrahite, by Judah Alharizi (Jerusalem: Ben- Zvi Institute, 2010). His PhD dissertation is on piyyuṭim for Ḥanukka in mediaeval European Jewish communities. Wasserman is also the author of a Rabbanite Passover Haggada, Ashira Va ashannena Baḥashiqoth (New York, 2015), which includes both his scholarship and his original poetic compositions. As always, The Karaite Press is thankful for the work of Tomer Mangoubi, who contributed his insights to this project throughout. v

6 Introductory Notes from The Karaite Press The Palanquin About the Author: 1 Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron has been referred to (at least in one manuscript) as He-ḥakham Ha-kolel, a title that generally refers to someone who possesses great knowledge in the fields of liberal arts, humanities, philosophy and or medicine in addition to knowledge of religious matters. 2 As this attribution suggests, he was among the most prominent Karaite sages of his time. Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron was born in 1650 in the city of Paswoł in the Lithuanian district of Panėvežys. In the early 1700s, he and his family moved to the city of Troki, which was subsequently devastated by a plague in The plague took the lives of Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron s wife and their two sons: Mordecai and Simḥa. A prolific poet, he wrote elegies lamenting the destruction caused by the plague. One such poem, A orer Levavi Leqonen ( I stir up my heart to lament ), commemorates the victims of the plague, and appears in the Vilna edition of the Karaite prayer book. 3 This prayer book also contains a song for the Sabbath, written by Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron in memory of his son, Mordecai. 4 After the plague, Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron moved for a short time to the city of Vilna, where he served as the head of the Beth Din. In 1719, he returned to Troki. Like his contemporary Ḥakham Mordecai ben Nisan, Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron received significant attention from Christian 1 The Karaite Press extends its gratitude to Dr. Riikka Tuori for providing extensive biographical information, from which we cultivated this section. 2 Riikka Tuori, p. 62, note 111; the cited manuscript is St. Petersburg, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy Ms. A065, folio 6a. 3 Siddur Ha-tefilloth Ke-minhag Ha-qara im (Volumes 1 4, Vilna, ), vol. 4, pp. 260 f. The prayer book introduces the poem with a rather somber note: [At one time,] in the lands of Poland and Lithuania, there were more than thirty [Karaite] communities, and their remnants [at the time of printing] are just three, and they are Troki, Łutsk, and Ponevez. See page Volume 4, p vi

7 The Palanquin Introductory Notes from The Karaite Press Hebraists. 5 Appiryon Asa Lo itself was written in response to questions posed by Johann Uppendorff, a Swedish professor at the University of Riga. In addition to Appiryon Asa Lo, Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron wrote at least two other polemical works: one on the relations between Karaites and Rabbanites; and the other, a refutation of Christianity. It should be noted that Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron wrote two distinct versions of Appiryon Asa Lo. It appears that the shorter one, upon which this publication is based, was written for a Christian Hebraist audience; while the more extensive one was likely written later and intended for Karaite consumption. About this Edition: This edition is the only known Englishlanguage translation of either version of Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron s Appiryon Asa Lo. 6 This work, like Ḥakham Mordecai ben Nisan s Levush Malkhuth, 7 first came to light in academic circles in 1866, when Adolf Neubauer published an unvocalized text of the shorter version, after his examination of previously unpublished Karaite manuscripts in the Russian National Library in Saint 5 The Karaite Press has previously published Ḥakham Mordecai ben Nisan s letter to the King of Sweden discussing the major differences between Karaites and Rabbanites: Mordecai ben Nisan, Royal Attire: On Karaite and Rabbanite Beliefs, translated and annotated by Gabriel Wasserman (Daly City, 2016). 6 As indicated in Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron s work, he chose the title Appiryon Asa Lo because those three words are equivalent in gemaṭriyya to Sefer Minhagé Qara é (The Book of Customs of the Karaites). The title Appiryon Asa Lo translates to [he] made for himself a palanquin. This title serves as an allusion to the name of our author, Shelomo/Solomon, for the words of the title appear in Song of Songs 3:9: King Solomon made himself a palanquin from the wood of the Lebanon [Forest]. 7 This work has recently been published under the title Royal Attire. See fn. 5, supra (Daly City: The Karaite Press). vii

8 Introductory Notes from The Karaite Press The Palanquin Petersburg. 8 In 1956, the nascent Karaite community in Israel published an unvocalized Hebrew version of Levush Malkhuth together with the short version of Appiryon Asa Lo. It appears that the only substantive differences that the Karaite community introduced in Appiryon Asa Lo are that they consistently changed any references to Rabbanites to say our brothers the Rabbanites, and often changed references to Karaite sages to say our sages. 9 About the Hebrew Text: This edition of Ḥakham Solomon ben Aaron s Appiryon Asa Lo is based on Neubauer s 1866 publication. We have normalized the Hebrew spelling to fit the standard in vocalized Hebrew texts. In addition, we have made the following changes from Neubauer s text: (i) addition of paragraph breaks in a number of places, to make the changes in topic easier for the reader to follow; (ii) correction of clear typographical errors; and (iii) in two places, changing a Biblical quotation to fit our text of Scripture. We have included an appendix of these three types of changes for those interested in reviewing them. Finally, the table of contents in ed. Neubauer reverses the order of chapters 23 and 24 from how they appear in the actual text; in our edition, we have changed the table of contents to fit the text. As with our publication of Levush Malkhuth/Royal Attire, the reader should be assured that these adaptations do not impact the substance of Appiryon Asa Lo. Academics will take comfort in the fact that Neubauer s publication of Appiryon Asa Lo is 8 Neubauer published this text in his German work, Aus der Petersburger Bibliothek: Beiträge und Documente zur Geschichte des Karäerthums und der Karäischen Literatur (1866) [English: From the Petersburg Library: Contributions and Documents Regarding the History of Karaism and Karaite Literature (1866)]. 9 As noted, there also exists a significantly longer version, in two parts, which is found in many manuscripts; in 2000, the Karaite R Yosef Elgamil published Part I of this longer version, but Part II remains unpublished. viii

9 The Palanquin Introductory Notes from The Karaite Press available online at Archive.org. 10 Scholars can compare any variations in this edition from Neubauer s publication. In order to assist this type of comparison, this edition contains bracketed, superscripted page numbers corresponding to the page number. {ב} in Neubauer s publication, like so: {2} or 10 ix

10 הקדמה למהדורת תשנ"ו חברת ההצלחה לבני מקרא שמחה להביא לפני הקהל הרחב, רבנים, וקראים, את הספר הראשון מסדרת הספרים העומדים להדפיסם. החברה תספק את כלי תשמישי הקדושה כגון: ספרי תפילה, הגדות לפסח, ענין השחיטה, סכיני שחיטה, כלי ברית מילה, ציציות, טליתות וכדומה. כ כ מוכנה לאפשר לכל אחד מבני העדה לעיין בספרי חכמינו ע ה הנמצאים בידה ואשר יגיעו לידה. ברצונינו להסב את תשומת לב הקורא היקר על הסיבה שהניעה אותנו להדפיס את הספר הנ ל, לא על מנת לפגוע במי שהוא חלילה וחס, אלא כדי לספק חומר נכון מקוצר על ההבדלים הקיימים בין הרבנים והקראים, זה מאחר שפנו אלינו מספר מוסדות בארץ ומחוצה לה ובקשו לדעת את האמת לאמיתו. אנו נמשיך בדרכינו כדי להוכיח את הצדק בין כל קהל ישראל כי התורה שבידינו היא תורה אחת ויחידה שאינה מוחלפת בשום תורה אחרת, היא תורת משה רבנו עליו השלום ונביאיו הטהורים. x

11 Preface to 1956 Israeli Edition The Association for the Success of Karaites is happy to present to the general public, Rabbanites, and Karaites, the first book in the series of books that they are planning to print. The association supplies ritual items, such as prayer books, haggadoth for Passover, [books on] the matter of kosher slaughtering, knives for such slaughter, tools for circumcision, ẓiẓioth, ṭallethoth, and the like. Similarly, it is prepared to allow any member of the community to examine any books of our sages, may they rest in peace, that [the association] currently possesses or might have in the future. It is our wish to make the dear reader aware of the reason that caused us to print this book: it is not in order to insult anyone, God forbid, but only to supply correct, concise material regarding the differences between Rabbanites and Karaites, for various institutions in Israel and abroad have turned to us, and asked to know the truth [about this matter]. We will continue in our way, to demonstrate the truth among the whole Jewish community, that the Torah in our hands is one, single Torah, which is never exchanged for any other Torah; it is the Torah of Moses our Teacher, may he rest in peace, and of [God s] pure prophets. xi

12

13 ס פ ר א פ ר י ון ע ש ה ל ו THE PALANQUIN

14 ס פ ר א פ ר י ון ע ש ה ל ו ה מ ל ך ש ל מ ה מ ע צ ת ה' ה יא ת קו ם ע מ ו ד יו ע ש ה כ ס ף נ ב ח ר ל ש ו ן צ ד יק, ב הו ד ע ת ס ב ת ח ל ק ת ה ק ר א ים מ ה ר ב נ ים; ר פ יד תו ז ה ב, ב ב א רו כ י י סו ד ד ת ה ק ר או ת ע ל ש ל ש ה ע מ ו ד ים: ז מ ינ י ה ה ק ש, ה ע ת ק ה ה מ ש ת ל ש ל ת ב ח ל ק, ה מ צ ו ת ש ה ם ע ש ה ו ל א ת ע ש ה; מ ר כ בו א ר ג מ ן, ב ה נ יחו ס ד ר ה ח ק ים ו מ נ ה ג ים כ פ י ס ד ר ש נו ת ה א ד ם מ י ו ם ה ו ל דו ע ד ב ו א ח ל יפ תו, ו ב ח ק ים ה ת לו י ם ב ז מ ן כ פ י ס ד ר י מ י ה ש נ ה; 2

15 Appiryon Asa Lo A Palanquin He Made for Himself, King Solomon, from the council of the Lord, that shall stand 1 He made its pillars of choice silver of the tongue of the righteous, 2 informing the cause of the division between the Karaites and the Rabbanites; its top is of gold, 3 in that it explains that the foundation of the legal code [dath] 4 of Karaism stands on three pillars: the seven types of analogy [heqqesh]; transmission that is passed down smoothly; and the commandments, which are positive and negative; its seat is purple, 5 in laying out the rules and customs in order, according to the order of the years of a person s life, from birth until death, and the rules dependent on season, following the order of the year; its inside is inlaid with love 1 A pun on two verses: King Solomon made himself a palanquin of the wood (me- aẓé) of Lebanon (Song of Songs 3:9); and But the counsel (va- aẓath) of the Lord, that shall stand (Proverbs 19:21). 2 A conflation of two verses: He made the pillars thereof of silver (Song of Songs 3:10), about Solomon s palanquin; and The tongue of the righteous is as choice silver (Proverbs 10:20). 3 Continuation of Song of Songs 3:10, about Solomon s palanquin: the top thereof of gold. Our author uses the word zahav (Z- H- B), gold, as an acronym: Z represents the numeral seven; H stands for tradition, ha taqa; B stands for smoothly, beḥalaq. The text indicates these letters with special symbols over them. 4 We have translated the word dath as legal code. The Hebrew word dath (derived from the Persian word dāta) is often translated as religion, but refers more specifically to the legal and ceremonial aspects of a religion. In that regard, we have translated it as religion elsewhere, where context seems to dictate that understanding. 5 Again from Song of Songs 3:10, about Solomon s palanquin: the seat thereof of purple. 3

16 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ת ו כו ר צו ף א ה ב ה מ ב נו ת י רו ש ל י ם, ל מ ש ו ך ל ב ה חו ק ר ים ב ז ה ה מ א מ ר ה ק ט ן, ל ר ב ק צ ו רו ו י פ י ס ד ר ה נ ח תו. 4

17 The Palanquin A Palanquin He Made for Himself from the daughters of Jerusalem, 6 to attract the heart of people who study this brief work, because of its great shortness and its [convenient] arrangement. 6 The conclusion of Song of Songs 3:10: the inside thereof being inlaid with love, from the daughters of Jerusalem. 5

18 ר א ש י פ ר ק ים ל מ א מ ר ה ק ט ן I. ה ק ד מ תו, ל ב א ר ס ב ת ח ל ק ת ה ק ר א ים מ ה ר ב נ ים, ו ב א יז ה ז מ ן מ ש נו ת ה ב ר יא ה, ו מ י ה י ה ר אש ית ה ח ל ק ה. פ ר ק א' ב ע נ י ן ה ג' י סו דו ת א ש ר ע ל יה ן ע מ דו כ ל י ש ר א ל; ו ה ם כ תו ב, ה ק ש, ו ס ב ל ה י ר ש ה ה נ ק ר את ה ע ת ק ה ה מ ש ת ל ש ל ת. פ ר ק ב' ב ע נ י ן ה מ יל ה, ו מ ה ה ח ל ק ה ב ז את ה מ צ ו ה ב ינ ינו ו ב ין ה ר ב נ ים. פ ר ק ג' ב ע נ י ן ה ש ב ת, ב א יז ה א פ ן ש ב ית ת ה, ו מ ה ה ם ה ד ב ר ים ה א סו ר ים ו ה מ ת ר ים ב ה, ו א יך ד ין ה מ ח ל ל ב ג לו י או ב ס ת ר, ב ז מ ן ה מ ל כו ת או ב ז מ ן ה ג לו ת. פ ר ק ד' ב ע נ י ן ק ד ו ש ה ח ד ש ו ח ש ב ו ן ה י מ ים ו ה ש נ ים, א יך ה י ה ב ז מ ן ה מ ל כו ת ו א יך ע ת ה ב ז מ ן ה ג לו ת, ו מ ה ה ח ל ק ה ב ז ה ה ע נ י ן ב ינ ינו ו ב ין ה ר ב נ ים. פ ר ק ה' ב ע נ י ן ח ג ה פ ס ח, ס ב ת ז ה ה ח ג, ו ח י ו ב א כ יל ת מ צ ה ו מ רו ר, ו ח י ו ב ב עו ר ח מ ץ, ו ש א ר ה ד ב ר ים ה ש י כ ים. פ ר ק ו ב ע נ י ן ס פ יר ת ח מ ש ים ה י מ ים א ש ר מ פ ס ח ע ד ח ג ה ש בו עו ת, ו מ א יז ה יו ם ה ת ח ל ת ם, ו מ ה ח ל ק ה ב ינ ינו ו ב ין }ב{ ה ר ב נ ים. פ ר ק ז' ב ע נ י ן ח ג ה ש בו עו ת, ו ל א יז ה ז כ ר נ ק ב ע ה ח ג. 6

19 Table of Contents of the Short Work I. Introduction: Explaining the cause of the split between the Karaites and the Rabbanites, and in what year after creation, and who was at the head of the split. Chapter 1: Regarding the three foundations upon which all Israel stands, namely: Scripture, Analogy, and the Burden of the Inheritance, which is called the tradition that is passed down. Chapter 2: Regarding circumcision, and the disagreement between us and the Rabbanites regarding this commandment. Chapter 3: Regarding the Sabbath; how is its rest [to be accomplished], and what matters are forbidden and permitted on it, and what is the rule regarding someone who violates it in public or in private, in the time of the Monarchy or in the time of the Exile. Chapter 4: Regarding the sanctification of the month and the calculation of days and years, how it was in the time of the Monarchy, and how it is today in the time of the Exile, and what is the disagreement between us and the Rabbanites. Chapter 5: Regarding the Festival of Passover, the reason for this festival, and the obligation to eat unleavened bread and bitter herbs, and the obligation to destroy leaven, and other relevant matters. Chapter 6: Regarding the counting of fifty days between Passover and Shavu oth, on what day they begin, and the disagreement between us and the Rabbanites. {2} Chapter 7: Regarding the Festival of Shavu oth, and in memory of what was this festival established. 7

20 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ה ו ק ה פו ו ק ה פ ור א פ ר ק ח' ב מ נ ה ג ח ד ש ת מ ו ז ו ח ד ש א ב, ו ב ע נ י נ י ה צ ו מו ת, ו מ ה ה ה ב ד ל ב ינ ינו ב ע נ י ן ז ה ו ב ין ה ר ב נ ים. פ ר ק ט' ב ע נ י ן מו ע ד ו יו ם ת רו ע ה ב ח ד ש ת ש ר י, ו א יך ב א ה ה ע ת ק ה ע ל יו, ו או דו ת ע ש ר ת י מ י ר ח מ ים ו ס ל יחו ת. פ ר ק י' ב ע נ י ן יו ם ה כ פ ו ר, ו מ ה ה ע ס ק ב ה. פ ר ק יא ב ע נ י ן ח ג ה ס כ ו ת, ו מו ע ד ש מ ינ י ע צ ר ת. פ ר ק יב ב ע נ י ן ה ת ח ל ת ה ת ו ר ה ב ח ד ש ל ר ב נ ים ב ח ד ש כ ס ל ו. ה ז ה, ו ע נ י ן ה ח נ כ ה פ ר ק יג ב ע נ י ן צו ם ח ד ש ה ע ש יר י, ו ימ י ה ר ח מ ים ו ה ס ל יחו ת ב ש נ י ו ח מ יש י ב ח ד ש ה ז ה. פ ר ק יד ב ע נ י ן ו מ נ ה ג ח ד ש א ד ר, ו ימ י ה פ ו ר ים. ו א ח ר ז ה י מ ש כו ה ח ק ים ו ה מ נ ה ג ים ה ב ל ת י נ ג ב ל ים ב ז מ ן: פ ר ק טו ב ע נ י ן ע בו ד ת ה א ל ה ים ע בו ד ת ה ת מ יד, ש ה יא ה ת פ ל ה. פ ר ק יו ב ע נ י ן ע ק ר י ה א מו נ ה ל פ י ד ע ת ח כ מ י ה ק ר א ים. פ ר ק יז ב ע נ י ן מ צ ו ת צ יצ ית, ו א ס ו ר ל ב יש ת ש ע ט נ ז, ו ל א י ה י ה כ ל י ג ב ר ע ל א ש ה ו ל א י ל ב ש ג ב ר ש מ ל ת א ש ה. 8

21 The Palanquin Table of Contents of the Short Work Chapter 8: Regarding the customs of the month of Tammuz and the month of Av, and regarding the fast days, and the disagreement regarding this between us and the Rabbanites. Chapter 9: Regarding the holiday of the Day of Shouting [Yom Teru a], and what transmission has come down regarding it, and regarding the Ten Days of Mercy and seliḥoth [penitential prayers]. Chapter 10: Regarding the Day of Atonement, and what ceremony [was held] on it. Chapter 11: Regarding the Festival of Sukkoth, and the holiday of Shemini Aẓereth. Chapter 12: Regarding beginning [the cycle of reading] the Torah in this month, and regarding the Rabbanites Ḥanukka in the month of Kislev. Chapter 13: Regarding the Fast of the Tenth Month [the Tenth of Ṭeveth], and the Days of Mercy and seliḥoth in this month. Chapter 14: Regarding the Month of Adar and its customs, and the days of Purim. After this follow the laws and customs that are not bounded by time: Chapter 15: Regarding the service of God on a regular basis, which is prayer. Chapter 16: Regarding the principles of faith according to the opinion of the Karaite sages. Chapter 17: Regarding the commandment of ẓiẓith (fringes), and the prohibition to wear sha aṭnez [mixed wool and linen in garments], and a woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman s garment [Deuteronomy 22:5]. 9

22 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ה ו ק ה פו ו ק ה פ ור א פ ר ק יח ב ע נ י ן ט מ א ה ו ט ה ר ה, ט מ א ת ה א ד ם ז כ ר ו נ ק ב ה, ט מ א ת ה ב ע ל י ח י ים ו ה ש ר צ ים, ו ה ח ל ו ף א ש ר ב ינ ינו ו ב ין ה ר ב נ ים. פ ר ק יט ב ע נ י ן ה ש ח יט ה, ו כ ל ה ש י כ ים ל ז ה ה ע נ י ן, ו ה מ ח ל ק ת א ש ר ב ו ב ינ ינו ו ב ין ה ר ב נ ים. פ ר ק כ ב ה כ ש ר ה מ א כ ל ים ו א פ נ י ה נ ה ג ת ם. פ ר ק כא ב ע נ י נ י ה ז ו ו ג ו ה נ ש ו א ין, ו ד ין נו א ף ו נו א פ ת, ו א פ נ י ה ג רו ש ין ב ע ר ו ת ד ב ר. פ ר ק כב ב ע נ י נ י א ס ו ר י ע ר יו ת, ו א יך נ פ ל ה ה ח ל ק ה ב ין ה ח כ מ ים ה ק ד מו נ ים ו ב ין ה א ח רו נ ים. פ ר ק כג ב ע נ י נ י ה י ר ש ו ת ו ה ח ל ו ק ין ב נ ח ל ה, כ פ י ד ין ת ו ר ה. פ ר ק כד ב ע נ י נ י ה א ב לו ת ו ד ין ק בו ר ת ה מ ת. 10

23 The Palanquin Table of Contents of the Short Work Chapter 18: Regarding purity and impurity; the impurities of human [bodies], male and female; the impurities of animals, specifically vermin; and the disagreement between us and the Rabbanites. Chapter 19: Regarding sheḥiṭa [kosher slaughter], and everything that pertains to this, and the disagreement between us and the Rabbanites regarding it. Chapter 20: Regarding what makes foods kosher, and conduct regarding them. Chapter 21: Regarding coupling and marriage, and the laws of adulterers and adulteresses, and the ways of divorce for an unseemly [adulterous] affair. Chapter 22: Regarding prohibited sexual relations, and the disagreement that there is between the earlier and later [Karaite] sages. Chapter 23: Regarding inheritance, and division of estates, in accordance with the Torah s law. Chapter 24: Regarding mourning, and the laws of burying the dead. 11

24 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ר וה ור ר פ ק ה ה ע ר ת ה מ ח ב ר ע ל ה נ כ נ ס ים ל פ ר ד ס ה ת ו ר ה ל ת ר ץ ה מ א מ ר ים ע ל פ י הו ר א ת פ ש ט י ה מ ק ר א, ע ם ע ז ר ל פ ע מ ים ה ע ת ק ה ה מ ש ת ל ש ל ת ו ס ב ר א ה י ש ר ה; ו ל מ ה י ש ג ה ב ק ב ל ה ה מ נ צ ח ת }ג{ ו ז ר ה? ל ז ה ה ק ד ים ב פ ת יח ה, ו י ד ב ר א ת ד ב ר י ה ש יר ה: ש קו ד ל ב י ע ל י ד ל תו ת ת בו נ ה, ו ה ת נ ה ג ב ד ת א ל ב א מו נ ה, פ נ י ד ר ך ג ד ר תו ה גו נ ה. ל ב ל ת י ת ח ט א ל פ רו ש ד ב ר יו א דו ן עו ל ם, ו ג ם א נ ש י א מו נ ה. מ צו א ה ח ן ו ש כ ל טו ב ב ע ינ י ב י ד נ א מ ן, ו ל א ת ל מו ד ו מ ש נ ה. ה כ י י ש ל ך י סו ד מ ק ר א ל י ת ד ו ת ן ח ל ק ל ש ב ע ה ג ם ש מו נ ה. ב צ ד ה ת ע רו ך ה ק ש ו ה ע ת ק, ו ת ש יב ע ל מ נ צ ח ים ל ע ד ינ ה. א סו ף ה ר ב ה ר א יו ת נ א מ נו ת, ב תו כ ה ת מ צ א ב או ר ו ב ינ ה, ו א ם ת יט יב ש א ת ע י ן ב ש כ ל, כ תו ב ים מ א ש ר י ה יו א מו נ ה. ו ל א ת ג ר ע ו ל א תו ס יף ע ל י ה מ ת ק נ ים ש או ב ים מ ת בו נ ה, ו א ם ת מ צ א ג ד רו ת ה ח כ מ ים א ב ל ל ה ם ב ד ת מ קו ר ו פ נ ה. ד ע ה כ י ל א י ס דו ם מ ל ב ב ם, ב תו ר ה ב נ ב יא ים א ם ל ב ינ ה, ח ק רו ם ע ם י פ י ש כ ל ם ו מ צ או 12

25 The Palanquin Author s note Author s note regarding those that enter the orchard of the Torah to explain [its] words in accordance with the plain meaning of the text, sometimes using the aid of tradition that has been passed down, and of commonsense understanding. Why should one err, using a [Rabbanite] tradition that is triumphalist and foreign [to the Biblical text]? To this end, [the author] is beginning with an introduction, speaking the words of this poem: {3} Be diligent, O my heart, at the doors of understanding, And behave in accordance with God s Law, in faith, So that you not err in interpreting its words, When you face its path, whose fence [of restrictions] is appropriate. To find favor and good understanding in the eyes of The eternal Lord, and the people of faith, You have, indeed, the foundation of Scripture as a peg In the hand of a reliable person not Talmud or Mishna. Alongside it, perform analogy and parallels, And give a portion to seven, yea, to eight. Gather many reliable proofs, And respond to those [Rabbanites], who are triumphalist over delightful [Torah]. And if you are good at bearing your eye with understanding, Then in it will you find explanation and understanding, And you will not subtract, nor add, to The Scriptures, such that they will be faithful. And if you find that the restrictions of the sages Are well set, drawn from understanding Know that they established them not from their own heart, But they have a source point in the Law. They investigated them with their beautiful understanding, and found In the Torah [and] in the Prophets, a mother of wisdom; 13

26 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ר וה ור ר פ ק ה ב ל י סו ת ר ים ל ע דו ת נ א מ נ ה, ז קו ק ים מ א מ ר יה ם כ כ ס ף, ע ט ר ת ד ת ל ה ח ז יר ה ל י ש נ ה, ק בו ע ים ב כ ת ב כ ד ר בו נו ת, ת מ ימ ה ש ת ה א ב ל ת י מ ש נ ה. ל ש מ ר ה מ ת מו רו ת מ ח ל יפ ים, ה יו ת מ ק ר א ל י ד ם ה יא ל מ ק נ ה. ב כ ן ב ש ם ב ק ר א י ם ק רו א ים, 14

27 The Palanquin Author s note Their words are refined like silver, And do not contradict [Scripture s] faithful testimony. They are established in the Text, like goads, To restore the Law s crown, as in olden times, To guard it from the changes of people who modify, So that it will be perfect, and not changed. Therefore, they are called by the name Karaites, For Scripture is a possession in their hand. 15

28 }ד{ ור פד ר א ז א מ ר ש ל מ ה: ה א מ ר ל הו ד יע ל ב נ י ה א ד ם ג בו רו ת יו ו כ בו ד ה ד ר מ ל כו תו. י ע ן ש ה פ צ יר נ י ע ל פ י כ ת ב יו ו א ג רו ת יו ה א יש ה נ ו ד ע ב ח כ מו ת ר מו ת, ה א דו ן יו ח נ ן פ פ נ ד ו ר ף* ר אש י ש יב ת מ ל ך ש ו י ד י ב ר יג א י רו ם הו דו ו ת נ ש א מ ל כו תו, ל הו ד יע לו ס ב ת ח ל ק ת ב ית י ש ר א ל ל ש נ י ם, ק ר א ים ו ר ב נ ים, ו ג ם ל ב א ר לו י סו ד י ד ת ה ק ר או ת ע ל מ ה א ד נ יה ה ט ב עו ; ב א מ רו ש ה ר ב נ ים ה ם י דו ע ים ב כ ל מ קו מו ת ק צ ו י ה א ר ץ ו י ם ר חו ק ים, ו ה ק ר א ים ר ק ש מ ם נ ז כ ר ים ב ס פ ר י ה ח כ מ ים כ מו ב ס פ ר י ב ו ק ש ד ו ר ף ו ש א ר ה מ ע ת יק ים ס פ ר י ה ק ד ש, ו ל א נו ד ע ז ה ה ע נ י ן ב א מ ת א צ ל ם, כ י כ א ש ר ה ע ת יקו מ ה ר ב נ ים ע נ י נ י ה ק ב לו ת מ צ או ש ה ר ב נ ים י ח סו או ת נו ו א ת ה ח ל ק ה ה ז את ל ע נ י ן ק ר ה ב ז מ ן א נ ט יג נו ס א יש * נראה שצ ל או פ פ נ ד ו ר ף, ועי הערה 7 בתרגום האנגלי. 16

29 {4} Foreword Then Solomon said: God said to announce to mankind His might and the glory of His reign (Psalms 145:12). [I have undertaken this work] because Lord Johann Puffendorf 7 who is known for his great scholarship, and is head of the King of Sweden s institution of study in Riga (may [the king s] glory be exalted and his kingdom uplifted) has entreated me in his writings and letters to inform him about the reasons for the division of the House of Israel into two, Karaites and Rabbanites, and also to explain to him the fundamentals of the legal code of Karaism, upon which its foundations are fastened. For he said that the Rabbanites are known in all places, to the far ends of the land and the sea, whereas the Karaites are mentioned, only by name, in the books of scholars, such as the books of Buxtorf 8 and other translators of holy books; and this matter [of the split between Rabbanites and Karaites] is not really known among [these scholars], for when they copied matters of the transmission [of Jewish religion] from the Rabbanites, they found that the Rabbanites attributed us [Karaites] and this division to an incident that happened during the time of Antigonus of Sokho and his two students, who are 7 This is the version of the name that appears in ed. Neubauer. However, MS Frankfurt Hebr. Oct. 271 reads Uppendorff, and indeed, this seems to be the correct reading; if we accept this reading, the addressee is Johann Uppendorff ( ) of the University of Riga. See Daniel Lasker, The Karaite Reception of David Gans Work Judaica Bohemiae 51,1 (2016), p. 153, note 17; Riikka Tuori, Karaite zĕmīrōt in Poland- Lithuania: A study of paraliturgical Karaite Hebrew poems from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (PhD Dissertation, University of Helsinki, 2013), p. 80, note 213. Tuori notes that somewhere along the transmission of the text of The Palanquin, [a]pparently the German Baron Samuel Puffendorf ( ) has been confused with the Swedish Uppendorff. 8 Johannes Buxtorf ( ), Professor of Hebrew at Basel, and author of many works on Hebrew and Judaism. 17

30 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ור פד ר ש כ ה ע ם ש נ י ת ל מ יד יו ש ה ם צ דו ק ו ב י תו ס, ו ז ה ש ק ר, כ א ש ר י ת ב א ר ל מ ט ה; כ י ש נ א ת ה ד ת ה ב יא ם ל י ח ס נו א ל ה צ ד ו ק ים, ו ב ז ה ה ם נ בו כ ים ב א ר ץ, ו ל א י כ לו ל מ צו א ה פ ת ח ל ז כ ו ר י מו ת עו ל ם ו ל ה ב ין ש נו ת ד ו ר ו דו ר. כ י ה ר מ ב ם ו ב ע ל ס פ ר ה י ו ח ס ין כ ת בו כ י י הו ש ע ב ן פ ר ח י א ה י ה ב דו ר ר ב י י הו ד ה ב ן ט ב אי, ו ה ר א ב ד ו א ב ן י ח י א ב ע ל ש ל ש ל ת ק ב ל ה כ ת בו כ י ב ן ט ב אי ה י ה ק ד ם מ ב ן פ ר ח י א. ו כ ן ב ע נ י ן מ ל כו ת ו מ מ ש ל ת ה ח ש מ נ א ים ל פ י ד ע ת א ב ר ב ינ אל ה י ה ז מ ן מ מ ש ל ת ם קמ ב ש נ ים, ו ל פ י ד עו ת ה א ח ר ים ו ס ד ר עו ל ם ה י ה ק ד ש נ ים. ו ה נ ה ב ין מ ה ע ד ר י ד יע ת ם ב ין מ ש נ א ת ם י ב ין כ ל ח כ ם ל ב כ י ה ר ח יקו ז מ ן ח ל ק ת ה ק ר א ים מ ה ם ל ז מ ן א נ ט יג נו ס; ו ג ם ז ה ה ז מ ן ל א י ד עו ב ב רו ר, כ י ב ע ל ס פ ר צ מ ח ד ו ד כ ת ב ש ל א נו ד ע א צ ל ם ז מ ן צ דו ק ו ב י תו ס. ו ל א נ מ צ א ב ין ה ר ב נ ים מו ד ה ע ל ה א מ ת ר ק ר ב י י הו ד א ה ל ו י ב ס פ ר כ ו ז ר י ב מ א מ ר ש ל יש י, 18

31 The Palanquin Foreword Zadok and Boethus and this is a lie, as will be explained below, for it is religious hatred that brought them to link us with the Sadducees, and in this they are confused, 9 and cannot even begin 10 to recount the chronology of the world and to understand the years of each generation. [Firstly,] Maimonides and the author of Sefer Ha- yuḥasin 11 wrote that Joshua ben Peraḥya lived at the time of R. Yehuda ben Ṭabbai, but the Ra avad 12 and Ibn Yaḥya, the author of Shalsheleth Ha-qabbala, 13 wrote that ben Ṭabbai came before ben Peraḥya. The same [confusion] exists [regarding] the Hasmonaean monarchy and dominion, [for] according to Abravanel, 14 the time of their reign was 142 years, but according to the opinion of others, and [according to] Seder Olam, 15 it was 104 years. And now, whether it is from their lack of knowledge or whether it is from their hatred, any intelligent person will understand that they have moved the time of the separation of the Karaites to Antigonus s time; and even that time they did not know exactly, for the author of the book Ẓemaḥ David 16 wrote that the time of Zadok and Boethus is unknown to them. And there is no one among the Rabbanites who admits the truth, except for the sage 9 Literally confused in the land, using the words of Exodus 14:3. 10 Literally are unable to open the door, using the words of Genesis 19: The Book of Genealogy, by Abraham Zacuto (1452 c. 1515). 12 Abraham ibn Da ud ( ), author of Sefer Ha-qabbala, available in English translation by Gerson Cohen: The Book of Tradition, Jewish Publication Society, 1967, reprinted The Chain of Tradition, by Gedalya ibn Yaḥya (c c. 1587). 14 R Isaac Abravanel, a Spanish Rabbanite. See p The Order of All Time, an ancient rabbinic chronographic work, attributed to the second- century sage R. Yosé ben Ḥalafta, available in English translation by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, Seder Olam: The Rabbinic View of Biblical Chronology, Jason Aronson, David s Sprout, by David Gans ( ). 19

32 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ור פד ר ו ה ה כ ר ח ה ב יאו ל ג ל ו ת ה א מ ת, ב ה יו תו מ ד ב ר ע ם ה מ ל ך ו ל א ה י ה מ קו ם ל ש נ ו ת ו ל ה ח ל יף ה ד ב ר ים. ו ל מ ע ן ת ג ל ה ה א מ ת כ צ את ה ש מ ש ב ג בו ר תו, א ת ק ס ת י כ א ש ר נ ע ז ר ת י נ ת ת י ב ע נ י ן ל ב ר ר ו ל ל ב ן ע נ י ן ה ח ל ק ה ה ז את }ה{ מ ס פ ר י ק ד מו נ ינו. ו ק ר את י ש ם ז ה ה מ א מ ר ה ק ט ן א פ ר יו ן ע ש ה ל ו, כ י א ל ו ה ג ת יבו ת ב ג ימ ט ר י א עו ל ין ס פ ר מ נ ה ג י ק ר א י ; ו עו ד כ י ש מ י נ ח ת ם ב ת יב ת ע ש ה. ו א ת ח יל ב ע נ י ן: ל פ ל ג ו ת ר א ו ב ן ג ד ו ל י ם ח ק ר י ל ב )שופטים ה:טז(. ה נ ה נ מ צ א ב ס פ ר ע ש ר ה מ א מ רו ת ל ה ח כ ם ה כ ו ל ל ה ר ב ר ב ינו כ ל ב ב ן א ל י הו א פ ינ ד ו פ ו לו, מ ח כ מ י ה ק ר א ים א ש ר 20

33 The Palanquin Foreword R. Judah Ha- levi in his book Kuzari, 17 part 3. And necessity made him reveal the truth, for he was speaking with the king, and had no opportunity to change or to switch things. In order that the truth may be revealed, as the sun comes out in its splendor, 18 I have used my inkstand for this matter 19 in order to sort out and clarify the matter of this division, {5} with the help of the books of our predecessors. I called this small work Appiryon Asa Lo ( A Palanquin He Made for Himself ), for these three words are equal in gemaṭriyya to Sefer Minhagé Qara é (The Book of Customs of the Karaites); 20 and furthermore, my name is signed in the letters of the word asa (made). 21 And I will begin the matter: At the divisions of Reuben there were great searchings of heart (Judges 5:16). 22 It can be found in the book Asara Ma amaroth (Ten Utterances), by the comprehensive scholar R. Caleb ben Elijah Afen- 17 The Book of the Khazar, by Judah Ha- levi (c ), available in English translation by Hartwig Hirschfeld, Book of Kuzari, 1905, revised 1930, reprinted That is, clearly; using the language of Judges 5: Hebrew eth qasti nathatti ba- inyan, a very clever re- write of Genesis, 9:13, eth qashti nathatti be- anan (I have put my rainbow in the cloud). 20 Actually, Appiryon Asa Lo = 758, and Sefer Minhagé Qara é = 759, but it is customary not to be concerned with a difference of one when calculating gemaṭriyya. 21 It is unclear exactly what the author means. In the longer version of the work, as found, e.g., in manuscript New York JTS Mic. 3325, he writes that his name is signed in the word asa, whose three letters expand into an acrostic of asa ha- melekh shelomo, King Solomon made (with the order of the words switched). The phrase, and the title of the book, are taken from Song of Songs 3:9: King Solomon made himself a palanquin from the wood of the Lebanon [Forest]. Our author s name was Solomon, though he was not a king, so using this verse as the title of the book alludes to his name. 22 Because of the word divisions, our author uses this verse to introduce his discussion of the divisions of the Jewish people. 21

34 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ור פד ר ב קו ש ט נ ד ינ א ר ב ת א, ו ב ס פ ר י ה ר ב ר ב נו י פ ת ב ן צ ע יר, ו ש א ר ח כ מ י ה ק ר א ים, ה א ח רו נ ים ו ה ר אש ו נ ים: כ י ז מ ן ח ל ק ת ה ק ר א ים ו ה ר ב נ ים ה י ה ב ז מ ן ב י ת ש נ י, כ ש ג ב רו ה ח ש מ נ א ים, הו א מ ת ת י הו כ ה ן ג דו ל ו ב נ יו, ו ה ר גו א ת פ יל יפו ס ש ר צ ב א א נ ט י ו כו ס מ ל ך י ו ן. )ע ד כ אן ל ש ו ן ה ח כ ם ה נ ל ב ס פ ר ה נ ל.( ו א נ י, ל פ י ב ק ש ת ה א דו ן ה נ ל, נ ת ת י א ת ל ב י ב מ ס פ ר ה ש נ ים, ו מ צ את י כ י ה ת ח ל ת ב נ י ן ב י ת ש נ י ה י ה ב ש נ ה ר אש ו נ ה ל מ ל כו ת כ ר ש ו ה יא ש נ ת ג א ל פ ים שצ ד ל ב ר יא ת ה עו ל ם )3394(; ו ל א נ ב נ ה ה ב י ת, כ י נ ה ר ג כ ר ש ; ו מ ל ך א ח ש ו רו ש ש ל א ס ת ר י ד ש נ ה ו מ ת; ו א ח ר כ ך מ ל ך ד ר י ו ש ב ן א ס ת ר הו א א ר ת ח ש ש ת א, ו ב ש נ ת א ח ת ל מ ל כו ג ז ר ל ב נ י ן ה ב י ת, ו נ ש ל ם ה ב י ת ב ש נ ת ח ל מ ל כו, ו הו א מ ל ך ל ב ש נ ה; ו ה ר גו א ל יכ ס נ ד ו ר מו ק דו ן, ו ה ת ח יל ה מ מ ש ל ת י ו ן, ו נ ת ק י מ ה ע ד ש נ ת רי ב ל ב נ י ן ה ב י ת. ו א ז ג ב רו ה ח ש מ נ א ים ו מ ר דו ב א נ ט י ו כו ס מ ל ך י ו ן, ו ה ר גו א ת פ יל יפו ס, ש ה י ה מ ש נ ה ע ל י רו ש ל י ם. ו ע מ ד ה ו ה צ ל יח ה מ ל כו ת ה ח ש מ נ א ים מ א ה ו ש ל ש ש נ ים, ע ד ז מ ן הו רו דו ס מ ל כ א, ש ה י ה ב ש נ ת ג א ל פ ים תשכ ה ל ב ר יא ה. ו ה נ ה ב ש נ ת רי ב ל ב נ י ן ה ב י ת מ ל ך מ ת ת י ה, הו א ח ש מ נ אי, ו מ ת ב ש נ ה ה ה יא. ו א ח ר מ ל ך ב נו י הו ד א ה ב כו ר, ה נ ק ר א מ כ ב י, ש ש ש נ ים, ו מ ת; ו מ ל ך יו נ ת ן א ח יו ש ב ע ש נ ים, ו מ ת; ו מ ל ך ש מ עו ן א ח יו ח ש נ ים, ו מ ת. ו א ח ר כ ך מ ל ך יו ח נ ן 22

35 The Palanquin Foreword dopolo, of the Karaite sages in great Constantinople, and in the books of R. Yefeth ben Ẓa ir, and the other earlier and later sages of the Karaites: The time of the separation of the Karaites and the Rabbanites was during the time of the Second Temple when the Hasmoneans, that is the High Priest Mattathias and his sons, became mighty, and killed Philippus, the captain of the guard of Antiochus, the King of Greece. (This is a quote from the above- mentioned sage in the abovementioned book). And I, in accordance with the request of the above- mentioned gentleman [Johann Uppendorff], have applied myself [to know] the number of years, and found that the beginning of the building of the Second Temple was in the first year of the reign of Cyrus, that is the year 3394 since the creation of the world; and the Temple was not built, because Cyrus was killed; and King Ahasuerus of Esther reigned for 14 years, and died; afterwards was Esther s son, King Darius, who is Artaxerxes, who decreed the building of the Temple in the first year of his reign, and the Temple was completed in the eighth year of his reign, and he reigned 32 years; and Alexander the Macedonian killed him, and the Greek rule began, and continued until the year 212 after the building of the Temple. Then the Hasmonaeans gained power, and revolted against Antiochus, the king of Greece, and killed Philippus, who was his governor over Jerusalem. The kingdom of the Hasmoneans stood and prospered for 103 years, until the time of King Herod, which was in the year 3725 of the creation. So, in the year 212 after the building of the Temple, Mattathias, also known as Hasmonaeus, reigned, and died during that year. After him, his eldest son Judah, called Maccabaeus, reigned six years, and died; and Jonathan, his brother, reigned seven years, and died; and Simeon, his brother, reigned eight years and died. Afterwards, John son of Simeon son of Mattathias, whose Greek 23

36 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ור פד ר ב ן ש מ עו ן ב ן מ ת ת י ה, ה נ ק ר א ב ל ש ו ן י ו ן ה ר ק נו ס ה ר אש ו ן, ו הו א ה י ה מ ל ך ו כ ה ן ג דו ל. ו מ פ נ י א ה ב ת ה ק צ ו ר, ל א א ר ח יב מ ה ש ק ר ה ב ינו ו ב ין ה ח כ מ ים ה פ ו ר ש ים, מ ס ב ת א יש ש ו ל ח מ ד נ ים ו ב ל י ע ל. הו א א ל יע ז ר א ש ר נ ת ן פ ג ם ב כ ה נ תו ה ג דו ל ה; ו נ ה ר גו ה ח כ מ ים ע ל ש ל א ה ש ת יקו ל א ל ע ז ר ה נ ל. ו ז ה ה ר ק נו ס מ ל ך ע ל י ש ר א ל ל א ש נ ה, ו מ ת. ו י מ לו ך ב נו ה ק ט ן, הו א י נ אי ה מ ל ך, ה נ ק ר א א ל יכ ס נ ד ר כ י ג ב נ ים ה יו לו : ה א א ר יס ת ו ב ו לו ס, ה ב א נ ט יג נו ס, ה ג א ל יכ ס נ ד ר. ו ש א ל א ת פ י ה מ י י מ לו ך א ח ר יו, ו ב א ה ה ת ש ו ב ה: א ל יכ ס נ ד ר י מ לו ך א ח ר יך. ו הו א ה י ה נ מ א ס ב ע ינ יו; ו י ה י ל פ נ י מו תו, ו י מ לו ך ב נו א ר יס ת ו ב ו לו ס, ו י ש ם ש ר צ ב א ע ל ע ם ה א ת א ח יו א נ ט יג נו ס, ו א ת י נ אי א ס ר ב נ ח ש ת י ם. ו ל א ה א ר יך א ר יס ת ו ב ו לו ס ע ל מ ל כו תו ר ק ש נ ה א, כ י מ תו ש נ יה ם, }ו{ ע ם א נ ט יג נו ס א ח יו; ו י מ לו ך י נ אי א ח יה ם, כ פ י ד ב ר ה ש ם; ו ה י ה כ מו כ ן מ ל ך ו כ ה ן ג דו ל. ו ב ימ י ח ג ה ס כ ו ת, כ א ש ר 24

37 The Palanquin Foreword name was Hyrcanus I, reigned, as both king and high priest. However, for the sake of brevity, I will not go into detail about what happened between him and the Pharisees 23 because of a man who created quarrel and wickedness. This man is Eliezer, who intimated that [John Hyrcanus s] high priesthood was flawed; and the sages were killed, because they did not silence this Eleazar. 24 And this Hyrcanus reigned over Israel for thirty-one years, and then died. His youngest son, King Yannai, who is called Alexander, reigned [after him] for [Hyrcanus] had three sons: the first was Aristobulus; the second, Antigonus; and the third, Alexander. He consulted God about who would reign after him, and the answer came: Alexander will reign after you. [Alexander] was vile in his eyes; [so,] before his death, [he made] his son Aristobulus king, and he made his brother Antigonus the commander of the army over God s people, and he put Yannai in chains. But Aristobulus s rule did not last long, only one year, for he died, together {6} with his brother Antigonus; and their brother Yannai reigned, in accordance with God s word; he, too, was both king 23 The text in ed. Neubauer has the odd spelling porshim, rather than the usual perushim; one might read this as separatists or schismatics, but it is clear that our author understands the Pharisees as the main group of Jewish sages, the ancestors of both Karaites and Rabbanites, so the spelling is probably a quirk. Both our author and his contemporary, Ḥakham Mordecai ben Nisan, the author of Royal Attire, assert that the Pharisees were the precursors to both the Karaites and the Rabbanites. See Royal Attire, pp In the Middle Ages, Rabbanite sages, such as R. Abraham ibn Ezra and Maimonides, referred to Karaites as Sadducees, a group that opposed the Pharisees during the time of the Second Temple. See Abraham ibn Ezra s comment on Leviticus 23:40, and Maimonides, Mishné Tora, Laws of Slavery 6:6. Neither Royal Attire nor this short version of Appiryon Asa Lo accepts the view that the Karaites are related to the Sadducees. 24 Thus in ed. Neubauer: First time Eliezer, second time Eleazar. In Josippon, ed. David Flusser (Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik, 1978, chapter 30, pp. 19 ff.), the name is Eleazar throughout; Flusser does not indicate any manuscripts that have the variant Eliezer, but these similar names are often interchanged in Hebrew texts. 25

38 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ור פד ר ה ע ל ה ע ל ה מ ז ב ח עו לו ת, ה ע יז פ נ יו א ח ד מ ה ת ל מ יד ים, ו ה כ ה ב פ ר י ע ץ ל מ צ חו ש ל מ ל ך. ו ג ם ב ז את ה פ ע ם נ ת נו פ ג ם ב כ ה נ תו, מ ס ב ה ש א מ ו, א ש ת א ב יו ש מ עו ן, נ ש ב ית ב ה ר ה מ ו ד ע ית, ו מ פ נ י ז ה ל א ה י ה ר או י ל כ ה נ ה, מ פ נ י ח ש ד. ו י ק צו ף ה מ ל ך, ו י ש ל ח א ת ג דו ד יו, ו י ה ר גו מ ן ה מ פ ר ש ים ש ש ה ו ח מ ש ים א ל ף; ו ל ב ס ו ף ה ש מ יד ח מ או ת ח כ מ ים ג דו ל ים ש נ ס ת רו ב ב ית ש מ ש. ו ל א נ מ ל ט מ כ ל ל ה ח כ מ ים מו ר י תו ר ה א ל א ש מ עו ן ב ן ש ט ח, ש ה י ה א ח ל א ש ת ה מ ל ך, ו ח ב רו י הו ד א ב ן ט ב אי, ש ה יו ת ל מ יד י נ ת אי ה א ר ב ל י, כ א ש ר ה ש יב ם ה מ ל כ ה א ל כ ס נ ד ר ה, א ש ת ה מ ל ך י נ אי, ש מו כ מו כ ן א ל יכ ס נ ד ר. ו הו א ש מ עו ן ב ן ש ט ח, א ש ר ב ד ה מ ל ב ו ת ו ר ה ש ב ע ל פ ה, ה י ה ר אש ל ר ב נ ים; ו יהו ד א ב ן ט ב אי, א ש ר ה ל ך א ח ר י תו ר ת מ ש ה ע ם ב או ר מ ס כ ים ל פ ש ו טו ש ל מ ק ר א, ה י ה ר אש ל ק ר א ים. ו ה נ ה כ א ש ר ת ח ש ו ב ש נו ת מ ל כ י ח ש מ נ אי מ ש נ ת רי ב ל ב נ י ן ב י ת ש נ י כ נ ל ע ד מו ת י נ אי ה ק ט ן, ש הו א 26

39 The Palanquin Foreword and high priest. During the festival of Sukkoth, while he was offering burnt- offerings on the altar, one of the students was insolent and pelted the king on his forehead with a piece of fruit. Also at this time, they intimated that his priesthood was flawed, because his mother, the wife of his father Simeon, 25 had been a captive on Mount Moda ith, and because of that he was unfit for the priesthood, because of suspicion [that his lineage was not fit for the priesthood]. 26 The king became furious, and he sent his battalions, and they killed 65,000 of the Pharisees; 27 in the end, he annihilated eight hundred great sages, who were [trying to] hide in Beth Shemesh. Out of all the sages who taught the Torah, only Simeon ben Shaṭaḥ, who was the brother of the king s wife, and his colleague Yehuda ben Ṭabbai, both students of Nittai the Arbelite, survived through the time when Queen Alexandra, wife of King Yannai, whose name is also Alexander, allowed them to return. It is this Simeon ben Shaṭaḥ who fabricated the Oral Law, who became head of the Rabbanites. Yehuda ben Tabbai, who followed Moses s Law with an exegesis that accords with the plain meaning of the Bible, became the head of the Karaites. Now, if one calculates the years of the Hasmonaean Kings from the year 25 This must mean either his father John or his grandfather Simeon. 26 The suspicion is that his mother had either been raped by a non- Jew, or committed fornication with one, while in her captivity. If such an act produced John Hyrcanus, he would not be a priest, because priesthood is transmitted from father to son. Moreover, a woman who has been involved in sexual impropriety is forbidden to marry a priest (see Leviticus 21:7); according to rabbinic halakha, any descendant of a priest and such a woman is not a priest (Babylonian Talmud Qiddushin 77a); thus, even if John Hyrcanus was not descended from this act of fornication, but from a union between his mother and his father after the fornication, rabbinic halakha would not consider him a priest. On this point, many of the Karaite sages agree with the rabbinic halakha. 27 Here, the form used for Pharisees in ed. Neubauer is even more unexpected: meforashim. This literally means people set apart or people designated; our author may understand Pharisees as meaning separatists, ascetics. 27

40 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ ור פד ר א ל יכ ס נ ד ר ב ן ה ר ק נו ס, ת מ צ א ש מו נ ים ו א ח ת ש נ ה. ו מ ז ה נ ד ע כ י ז מ ן ח ל ק ת ה ק ר א ים מ ה ר ב נ ים ה י ה ב ש נ ת פ א ל מ ל כו ת ה ח ש מ נ א ים, ש ה יא ש נ ת מ את י ם ת ש ע ים ו ש ל ש ל ב נ י ן ב י ת ש נ י, ו ה יא ש ל ש ת א ל פ ים ש ב ע מ או ת ו א ר ב ע ש נ ים ל ב ר יא ת ה עו ל ם, קכ ד ש נ ים ק ד ם ח ר ב ן ה ב י ת. ו ע נ י ן צ דו ק ו ב י תו ס ע ם א נ ט יג נו ס ר ב ם ה י ה רנ ד ש נ ים ק ד ם מ ז מ ן ח ל ק ת ה ק ר א ים מ ה ר ב נ ים. א ם כ ן ש פ ת א מ ת ז את ת כ ו ן ל ע ד, ו ע ד א ר ג יע ל ש ו ן ש ק ר ש ל ה ר ב נ ים. 28

41 The Palanquin Foreword 212 of the building of the Second Temple, as mentioned above, until the death of Yannai the Younger, who is Alexander ben Hyrcanus, one will find eighty- one years. From this follows that the time of the separation of the Karaites from the Rabbanites was in year eighty- one of the Hasmonaean reign, that is, year 293 from the building of the Second Temple, which is year 3704 from the creation of the world, and 124 years before the destruction of the Temple. 28 But the dispute of Zadok and Boethus with their teacher Antigonus happened 254 years before the time of the separation of the Karaites and Rabbanites. This being the case, the lip of truth shall be established forever, but I shall silence the lying tongue of the Rabbanites If we assume 68 CE as the year of the destruction of the Temple (as assumed in most traditional Jewish chronology), then this would come out to 57 BCE, whereas our author s date for Antigonus would come out to 187 BCE. 29 This sentence uses the language of Psalms 12:19. 29

42 פ ה ב ע נ י ן ה י סו דו ת א ש ר ד ת ב ית י ש ר א ל עו מ ד ת ע ל יה ן ה ע מ ו ד ים א ש ר ד ת ה י הו ד ים נ כו ן ע ל יה ם ה ם ש ל ש ה: כ תו ב, ה ק ש, ו ס ב ל ה י ר ש ה, ש ה יא ה ע ת ק ה ה מ ש ת ל ש ל ת. ו ב או ר א ל ו כ י ה כ תו ב ב כ ל ל ה ן מ צ ו ת ע ש ה ו מ צ ו ת ל א ת ע ש ה, כ גו ן ה מ ו ל י מ ול י ל יד ב ית ך )בראשית יז:יג(, ו ע ש ו ל ה ם צ י צ ת )במדבר טו:לח(; ו כ גו ן ל א ת ב ע רו א ש ב כ ל מ ש ב ת יכ ם )שמות לה:ג(, ל א ת א כ ל כ ל ת ו ע ב ה )דברים יד:ג( וגו ; ו כ ל ה מ צ ו ת ה כ לו ל ין ב תו ר ת מ ש ה; ו ל א נ ת נו ל ה ן ח כ מ י ה ק ר א ים ס ך ק צו ב, ב ר א י ה מ ד ב ר י ד ו ד ה מ ל ך ע ל יו ה ש לו ם ר ח ב ה מ צ ו ת ך מ א ד )תהלים קיט:צו(; א ב ל ה ר ב נ ים מ נו או ת ם 30

43 Chapter 1 Regarding 30 the Foundations upon which the House of Israel Stands The pillars on which the Jewish faith rests are threefold: Scripture (kathuv); Analogy (heqqesh); 31 and the Burden of the Inheritance (Sevel Ha- yerusha), which is the transmission that has been passed down. The explanation of these is: Scripture includes positive and negative commandments, for example: he that is born in thy house must needs be circumcised (Genesis 17:13), and bid them that they make them fringes (Numbers 15:38); and, [as examples of negative commandments,] ye shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations (Exodus 35:3), 32 thou shalt not eat any abominable thing (Deuteronomy 14:3); and so forth, and all the commandments included in Moses s Torah; the Karaite sages did not enumerate them with a definite number, giving as proof the words of King David, may he rest in peace: [I have seen an end to every purpose;] but Thy commandment is exceeding broad (Psalms 119:96). But the Rabbanites counted In the Hebrew, the chapter headings begin variously with the particle be-, or the word be inyan or odoth. All of these mean regarding, concerning, on the matter of. For the sake of consistency, we have rendered them all into English as regarding. 31 Because the term Analogy translates the Hebrew heqqesh, a technical term indicating one of the three foundations of the faith, we capitalize the word from here on, just as we capitalize the words Scripture and Burden of the Inheritance. 32 The mediaeval Karaite understanding of this verse is ye shall cause no fire to burn; but, as we shall see in chapter 3, our author does not understand Scripture to forbid leaving flames lit, but only actual kindling of flames on the Sabbath. Therefore, we have kept the JPS translation of this verse, as is our usual practice regarding Biblical verses. 31

44 ל ו ה א ע ן יו ר א פ פ ה מ צ ו ת ע ש ה ר מ ח ו ל א ת ע ש ה ש ס ה, ו כ ל ל ם ת ר י ג. ה ק ש : י ש מ צ ו ת נו ה גו ת ב א מ ת נו ב ה ק ש, ו ה ן יו צ או ת מ כ ח ה כ תו ב, כ גו ן ל א ת ח ר ש ב ש ור ו ב ח מ ר י ח ד ו )דברים כב:י(, כ י מ מ ל ת ח ר יש ה לו ק ח ים ה ק ש ו ד מ יו ן ל כ ל מ ל אכו ת, ו מ א מ ר ב ש ו ר ו ח מו ר ל כ ל ש נ י מ ינ ים, רו צ ה לו מ ר מ ין ט הו ר ע ם מ ין ט מ א, ו ה ח ז ק ע ם ח ל ש. ס ב ל }ז{ ה י ר ש ה ה ם ה מ נ ה ג ים א ש ר נ ת נ ה ג נו ב ה ם מ ז מ ן א בו ת ה ק דו ש ים, כ גו ן ה מ יל ה ב א יז ה א ב ר ו ב א יז ה א פ ן ו כ מ ו ת כ ר ית ת ה ע ר ל ה, ו כ ן ה ש ח יט ה ב א יז ה מ קו ם ו ב א יז ה א פ ן; ש ל א הו ר ה ה כ תו ב ב כ ל ז ה ב ב או ר. ו מ ס ב ל ה י ר ש ה י ד ע נו ש ה יא ב צ ו אר ה ב ה מ ה, ו כ ן נ ק ו ר ה ב ש ר ו הו צ א ת ה עו ר ק ים ה ד מ י ים. ו כ ן ע נ י נ י ה ז ו ו ג ו ה נ ש ו א ין, ו ע נ י נ י ה ת פ ל ו ת ב א יז ה מ נ ה ג, ו ע נ י ן ק ד ו ש ה ח ד ש כ ל א ל ו ו דו מ יה ם א ינ ם מ ב א ר ים ב ת ו ר ה ב ב רו ר, א ב ל י ד ע נו או ת ם מ ה ע ת ק ה ש מ ש ת ל ש ל ת מ ה א ב ל ב נו ו מ ה ר ב ל ת ל מ ידו. ה ר ב נ ים מ כ נ ים ה ק ב ל ה ש ל ה ם ב ה ע ת ק ה, ו או מ ר ים ש ה יא פ רו ש ל תו ר ת מ ש ה. א ב ל ח כ מ י ה ק ר א ים ל א ה ס כ ימו, מ פ נ י ש י ש ב ק ב ל ת ם ד ב ר ים סו ת ר ים ל ת ו ר ה ש ב כ ת ב. ו ל פ י ד ע ת ה ק ר א ים, כ ל ה ע ת ק ה ש י ש ל ה ס י ו ע מ ן ה כ תו ב, ו ל א ת ע מו ד 32

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